Welcome to the Lindsay Wildlife’s hidden wonders. Behind closed doors is a world protected from our exhibit halls’ heat, humidity, light, and peering eyes. Each wonder needs this protection so when we bring it out onto the exhibit floor, it sparks wonder and curiosity, not only now but for each generation we inspire. Join us on a journey as we introduce you to the hidden world of the Lindsay Wildlife Natural History Collection. Each article is written by the students who join the Lindsay Wildlife Experience natural history collections internship. They are tasked to find what sparks their curiosity and, in turn, share that curiosity with you. Enjoy the hidden wonders of not only our collection but also the hidden world of the incredible wildlife we share this world with.
Rain Beetles (Pleocoma sp.) are part of the largest group of animals on Earth—Coleoptera, or beetles. There are so many species of beetles that they make up almost one out of every four animals that scientists have discovered. Rain Beetles were a part of the Scarab Beetle family, Scarabaeidae. They have since been reclassified and belong to their own family, Pleocomidae, of which there is only one genus, Pleocoma. These beetles are native to and only found in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Found exclusively in the mountain ranges and foothills in Oregon, Washington, and California. The adults only emerge from underground at dawn or dusk after it has recently rained in the fall and winter months.
As an adult, they have an oval body with a hard, brown shell and a reddish-brown fuzzy belly. There is a small V-shaped scoop on their head that allows them to dig into the dirt. Despite their unique appearance, these beetles can be hard to find. They spend the majority of their lives 10 feet underground as grubs (beetle larvae), where they feed on tree roots. Over 7-14 years, they will have 9 or more instars, or developmental stages between molts. In the final molt when they become adults, the grubs lose their mouths and digestive tracts, leaving only the reproductive organs.
When the beetles finally emerge as adults, usually around the first rain of the fall season, the males only have enough stored energy to live for a couple of days. This is just long enough for them to fly for one to two hours and mate before they die. The females remain underground, where they are able to conserve energy. As the female waits, she releases a pheromone to alert the males where she is. 
Some hikers and scientists have reported that this pheromone smells like lemons. After mating, females will lay anywhere from 40 to 60 eggs at a time in a spiral pattern underground.
The rain beetle is not yet evaluated by the IUCN Red List, but like many insects, habitat loss, deforestation, and pollution are threats. Cutting down forests or removing dead wood makes it harder for these beetles to survive. Scientists and conservationists work to preserve natural forests to protect animals like the Rain Beetle. You can help protect these beetles by planting native plant species in your own backyard, in pots on your windowsill, or encouraging local businesses to plant native species.
Along the California coast, you may see flocks of brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) gliding over sheltered bays and saltwater wetlands. These distinctive seabirds, with their long, curved necks, large throat pouches, and stocky bodies, are found in Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf waters. Adults have ivory-yellow heads, gray-brown plumage, and seven-foot wingspans. Juveniles are all brown with pale white chests. In late fall, males and females change their throat colors to attract mates. The throat pouches of the Pacific populations turn red, while the throat pouches of the Atlantic and Gulf populations turn black.
Brown pelicans are adept divers. Using their sharp eyesight, they can spot fish from great heights. When they see the glint of fish scales in the water below, they tuck their wings and dive headfirst from as high as 100 feet. Air sacs under their skin cushion their bodies when diving so they can safely stun their prey. After diving, they scoop the stunned fish into their throat pouches. These can hold three times more fish and seawater than their stomachs. Once they resurface, the pelicans hold the fish in their throats and tip their bills down to pour the seawater out. Then, they tip their bills up to swallow the fish headfirst.
In the 1970s, brown pelicans faced extinction due to the pesticide DDT used by farmers for insect control. Excess water from these farms drained from the land and flowed into nearby streams. In these streams, small organisms like insects, worms, and zooplankton came into contact with DDT and stored it in their bodies. Fish ate these small organisms, and brown pelicans then ate the contaminated fish. Birds accumulated DDT in their fatty tissues, causing health issues such as the inability to absorb calcium. Low calcium caused their eggshells to thin and crack under the weight of the parent. Marine biologists soon spoke up about DDT’s effects on the environment. Citizens then organized and stood up for species like the brown pelican.
After consistent pressure from citizens and advocacy groups like the Environmental Defense Fund, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) banned the use of DDT in 1972. Today, brown pelicans have recovered and are classified as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List. In some areas, their populations have increased by over 700%. Their current status is an example of conservation in action. However, brown pelicans still face threats, including abandoned fishing lines and urbanization. To help protect brown pelican populations, you can properly dispose of any litter you may find on the coast.
Taxidermy dates back thousands of years, with the earliest forms dating back to around 2200 BC. While it doesn’t look like the lifelike displays today, people were embalming animals for long-term preservation. Before methods like photography, taxidermized animals were the only safe way for people to see animals up close. This included imported non-native animals brought from explorations, as well as local native animals. There are many ways to damage taxidermy, and museums around the world work hard to preserve their collections. Lindsay Wildlife’s taxidermy collection exists to educate, but we need our visitors’ help to protect the specimens for future generations.
These real but no longer alive animals allow us to get up close in ways that would make live animals uncomfortable. Just like with live animals, we need to be cautious when interacting with our stuffed friends. It is tempting to dig fingers into feathers and fur, just as people do with pets. While it doesn’t harm pets, taxidermized animals can no longer grow back their body coverings, resulting in broken feathers and fur. The oils in human skin also cause damage since a taxidermized animal is unable to clean itself.
Some taxidermies here at Lindsay Wildlife show the wear and tear of long-term use, before it was standard to monitor for damage. Lindsay Wildlife regularly switches the taxidermy on display to repair specimens and give them time off exhibit. Looking at decades-old specimens versus the newer ones, the areas humans have touched are worn down. The snouts and tops of heads have thinner fur, and tails are often bald. Taxidermy is an important teaching tool; any change in how it looks affects its educational value.
Not touching the taxidermized animals preserves them for the future. It is a good rule of thumb not to touch anything in a museum unless the exhibit is labeled as interactive. Museum staff clearly label interactive exhibits to help visitors know which exhibits are safe to engage with by touch. By looking to learn, you help ensure the taxidermy collection lasts as long as possible. The better we take care of them, the longer they will be around to educate wildlife enthusiasts for years to come.
If you stroll through the river valleys of the southeastern and central United States, you might spot a slender, segmented rod or column, like a stack of small circular disks stacked one on top of the other. If you look a little closer, you might see a trace of a small star-shaped flower or a feathery umbrella. These fossils come from an ancient marine organism known as crinoids, sea lilies, or feather stars, which belong to the class Crinoidea. They are related to other marine organisms such as sea urchins and sea stars. Crinoids inhabited the seafloor long before dinosaurs emerged and still exist today.
Their presence can be traced back to 485 million years ago, to the beginning of the Ordovician Period. Paleontologists consider crinoid fossils from the Burgess Shale fossil site in British Columbia as the earliest known examples. During the Late Silurian (~423 – 419 million years ago) and Early Carboniferous periods (~359 – 345 million years ago), crinoids thrived primarily in shallow water as stemmed forms. As they evolved into stemless forms starting in the Palaeozoic (~541-252 million years ago), they were able to live in a much wider range of the seafloor. This increased their access to food and allowed them to avoid predators better, allowing them to flourish and reach their peak population. However, during the Permian mass extinction, more than 95% of life on Earth disappeared. Crinoids were fortunate enough to survive, though their population and diversity were dramatically reduced.
Crinoids are known for their lily-like shape. Despite their plant-like appearance, crinoids are animals. They have a cup-shaped body called the calyx, which contains the mouth and digestive organs. This is attached to a flexible stem that can anchor to the seabed. Numerous feathery arms, called brachia, are used for feeding and capturing plankton. These arms can also be equipped with tiny tube feet for movement and attachment to the sea floor. These structures provide crinoids with the ability to filter feed, maintain stability, and move, allowing them to succeed in evolution.
Crinoids are often seen as robust organisms due to their survival through multiple extinction events and climate changes throughout Earth’s history. However, we cannot ignore that their numbers shrank after these events, and today they are less diverse and abundant compared to the past. It is crucial for humans to mitigate the effects of rising ocean temperatures and acidification to preserve these ancient and beautiful creatures. An easy way for anyone to help is by joining a shoreline cleanup day and switching to reusable products. Together, future generations can share our joy in seeing not only crinoid fossils but also colorful living crinoids in the ocean.
Of all the many mysterious creatures that live in the ocean, brittle stars are some of the most intriguing. They are found around the world, including at Lindsay Wildlife!
Brittle stars are in the class Ophiuroidea. They may look like sea stars with extra-long arms, but they are a very different animal. Even though they aren’t sea stars, they are closely related to sea stars, urchins, and sand dollars. Brittle stars have a central disk made of calcium carbonate that resembles a sand dollar. This central disk is where their mouths are located and where their arms are attached. Each of their five long arms grows from this disk, which is why they might get mistaken for sea stars. Each arm has “spines”, small prickly bits that extend from their arms, which resemble sea urchins.
There are many differences between sea stars and brittle stars, especially in the way they move. While sea stars crawl on their tube feet and are much slower, brittle stars move by curling and uncurling their arms. This amazing ability to move very quickly is why brittle stars are known as “seafloor ecosystem engineers”. This means that when they move, they also move the sand and other materials that make up the ocean floor. When these materials are moved, very small organisms and debris also move, creating a change in how the animals interact with each other.
There are over 2,000 known species of brittle stars that can be found in a wide range of depths, from shallow waters to depths of more than 19,000 feet. That would be like stacking about 20 Eiffel Towers on top of each other! Of the 2,000 species we have identified, 60 are bioluminescent, using chemical reactions to make light. Interestingly, brittle stars aren’t just found in a variety of depths; they can also be found in a wide range of climates, from arctic to tropical. This means that they can withstand high water pressure and extreme temperatures that would be incredibly dangerous for humans.
Brittle stars have an impressive five jaws that they use to eat plankton, animal waste, and small animals like crustaceans. When they are hungry, they hunt by raising their mucus-covered arms which are sticky enough to trap food. If you like seafood, you may be curious about whether or not we can eat them. Even though it wouldn’t hurt you to eat a brittle star, it isn’t recommended as there isn’t much to them for us to eat. Their arms are small and not very nutritious for humans. If you see one while swimming in the ocean, you also shouldn’t touch it. While they are not harmful to humans, they can get scared very easily, which causes them to shed their arms.
Long before photography was invented, people used art to show their discoveries. This special kind of art is called scientific illustration, and it helps share observations about the natural world. Humans have used art to share their experiences since prehistoric times. The oldest known example is cave paintings. In the Chauvet Cave in France, people painted animals such as lions, mammoths, and bears on the cave walls. By painting their observations, we are able to see what the natural world was like over 30,000 years ago! People have continued to use illustrations to observe animals, plants, humans, and even outer space. Scientific illustrations are important because they help people understand new ideas, learn about the natural world, and share discoveries.
Andrew Jackson Grayson (1819-1869) was an American artist born in Louisiana. He spent most of his life in California and Mexico inspired by the diverse natural environments. He worked as an illustrator for many years and was inspired by John James Audobon, one of the most famous ornithologists and artists of the time. Grayson painted animals and plants from his travels and wrote notes on their natural history. His book called Birds of the Pacific Slope was published in 1986 by Arion Press in San Francisco, California. In this book, Grayson illustrated birds in natural positions on plants, fruits, flowers, and foliage. Many of the paintings include the landscape of their habitats. His artwork showed the beauty and complexity of these animals.
One of Grayson’s works was his illustration of the Lesser Goldfinch (Spinus psaltria), a small and colorful bird found in North America. His work, as pictured, shows the vibrant feathers of two males
and one female Lesser Goldfinches. The males have bright yellow feathers, a black cap, and a black back. The female has more muted olive green and yellow feathers. Grayson also illustrated the stems and flowers of a lavender cluster-lilly (Brodiaea sp.) and a pink Clarkia (Clarkia sp.) for the birds to rest on. These birds live in places with trees, bushes, and fields. You might see them hopping outside the Lindsay Wildlife Experience in Walnut Creek! They eat seeds and grains, and are known for their cheerful musical songs.
Andrew Jackson Grayson’s research proved that scientific illustration is a powerful tool. It can show the details of the natural world. Though Grayson didn’t become famous in his lifetime, his illustrations helped both scientists and the public understand and appreciate the rich variety of animals, plants, and landscapes in California and Mexico. His detailed paintings remind us how important it is to document and protect the environment and to preserve the natural world around us. If you want to practice how to observe like a scientist, you can start a nature journal! You can practice writing or drawing your observations by watching your surroundings. Then, you can share your discoveries and be a community scientist by adding photos to inaturalist.org. Scientists use this data to help them better understand and learn about the world with your help.
The American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) is seen all across North America, with group sizes ranging from pairs to groups of millions. These famous yet commonly disliked birds are part of the Corvidae family, which includes jays, magpies, and ravens. Corvids are well-documented for their agility, problem-solving, communication, and cognitive skills. They continue to surpass researchers’ expectations.
It can be challenging to tell ravens and crows apart since they both boast jet-black plumage and a similar call. Crows are noticeably smaller, averaging around a pound, and are often found in groups, famously known as a murder. Ravens are more solitary or with their mate. Crow families usually consist of parents and several generations of children. They stay with their family until they reach sexual maturity, around age three or four. During that time, crows practice an incredible skill, generational knowledge sharing. Many animals teach their offspring how to survive, but using tools, interacting with humans, and unique family tactics are less commonly taught in many species. Yet, crows engage in all of these lessons. They can even remember human faces. They will teach their family to either trust or attack an individual based on past interactions. While crows generally live seven to eight years in the wild, in human care they can live to be over 30, with the oldest ever at 59!
Crows are territorial and will live in the same regions for generations so long as they are not pushed out. They are omnivorous generalists, meaning that they eat both plants and animals of any variety that they come across. Crows 
regularly eat nuts, seeds, small animals, insects, fruits, eggs, other baby crows, human food waste, and carrion (dead animals). With this wide range of diet, crows can conserve energy and avoid violent interactions through scavenging or non-competitive hunting strategies. Crows also use their incredible intellect to gain access to harder food sources. They have been seen utilizing sticks to spear insects out of tree bark and even dropping shelled nuts into roads for cars to crack.
The American Crow is currently classified as ‘Least Concern’ on the IUCN Red List. However, some people hunt crows, which is detrimental to the individual and can release harmful lead into the environment from the ammunition. Crows are important in seed dispersal, controlling pest populations, and eating carrion which could otherwise spread disease. Crows are a part of our community and can be collaborated with for all of us to live happily. If you do not want them around, use a scarecrow, and do not leave out food or scraps.
Commonly found throughout America, gray foxes have a large range from southern Canada, throughout most of the United States, and into Northern Venezuela. Gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) have brown or orange-tipped ears and a black stripe along their back and tail. These markings distinguish them from red foxes, with black-tipped ears and tall black “socks.” They mainly live in wooded areas, preferring overgrown bushes and dense undergrowth. Nearby rivers and streams are an added bonus. Enjoying a wide range of plants and animals, these omnivores eat a variety of foods, including small mammals such as rabbits and mice, insects, fruit, eggs, birds, and fish.
The gray fox is only one of two species in the canid or dog family that can climb trees. These foxes use semi-retractable claws and rotating wrists to scoot up and down tree trunks. This remarkable ability allows them to escape predators. They make their dens in hollow logs or trees, within piles of wood or bushes, and in rock crevices. Born April through May, litters consist of two to seven babies. Both parents help raise the babies, called kits, who learn to hunt by three months old. The family stays together until the fall when the kits go off into the world alone.
Gray foxes have a stable population and are classified as Least Concern by the IUCN red list. However, this does not mean they do not need our care and attention. Human activities, such as farming, logging, and construction, destroy and threaten their habitat. Farmers often see them as a pest when foxes dig up plants or threaten small livestock like chickens. Farmers then hunt them alongside hunters who have an interest in fox pelts for the fur. To help, we can advocate for protecting forests and wild spaces, encourage mindful farming practices, and avoid and discourage buying furs.
As you stroll through meadows and farmlands, or even drive along a roadside on a late summer afternoon, you might spot vibrant yellow or orange butterflies fluttering from flower to flower. These little gems are called alfalfa butterflies, also known as orange sulphurs (Colias eurytheme). You may already be familiar with these beautiful creatures, as they are commonly found across much of the United States, Mexico, and the southern part of Canada from March to November.
The alfalfa butterfly gets its name from its host plant the alfalfa. Their life cycle is closely linked with the growth and cutting cycles of alfalfa plants. Female alfalfa butterflies usually lay their eggs in early spring on young alfalfa plants. The eggs hatch in 3 to 10 days, producing small brown larvae with black heads. These larvae grow rapidly, turning green and developing white stripes along their sides, reaching up to 1.5 inches in about two weeks. The caterpillars create a chrysalis as temperatures drop in late fall and the alfalfa stops growing. They will stay in the chrysalis until spring. As temperatures rise and the alfalfa begins its new growth cycle, they complete their transformation and emerge as adult butterflies.
The most recognizable feature of the alfalfa butterfly is its bright yellow or orange 2-inch wingspan. Males often have a striking orange hue on their wings with a dark border. Females range from yellow to white with an incomplete or no dark border. One cool fact about butterflies is that they use a different system of genes to determine their sex and the genes are identified with different letters than humans. In butterflies, it’s the females who have two different sex chromosomes called ZW. While males have two of the same called ZZ. 
Many people mistake alfalfa butterflies for clouded sulfur butterflies because they look so much alike. So, how do alfalfa butterflies know who to mate with? Researchers think the Z chromosome might contain information key for mating traits in butterflies. For example, the ultraviolet iridescence on the wings of male butterflies. These patterns are made by tiny structures on their wings that reflect light in a way that creates a rainbow-like glow. Even though humans might think alfalfa and clouded sulfur butterflies look alike, female butterflies can tell the difference. Their compound eyes are able to see a broad range of colors including ultraviolet.
With global climate change, warmer temperatures are helping alfalfa butterflies become more abundant than before. Normally, they produce four to seven generations between May and October. With longer growing seasons due to warmer springs and autumns, they can increase the number of generations and stay active for longer periods. While it’s great to see these beautiful butterflies around, it’s important to remember that balance is key to a thriving ecosystem. When a species’ population grows too quickly, they use up all the land and food available. This not only creates problems for the survival of other species but often leads to a dramatic decline in the population that overshoots. To combat climate change, be mindful of energy usage by turning off lights or deciding what you want before opening the fridge.
Within the golden fields of North America lives the bold and feisty American badger 
(Taxidea taxus). Known for their unique black and white facial markings, the badger is a fierce California-native predator. Badgers belong to the family Mustelidae, which includes weasels, otters, martens, and wolverines. Special adaptations allow badgers to live in a wide range of habitats, but most often in open forests and dry grasslands.
Badgers aren’t known to defend a specific territory but will travel far outside their home range in search of a mate; with male tendency to have larger home ranges than females. Badgers can be active during both the day and night to hunt for prey. Few animals prey on adult badgers, except for large raptors and carnivores like eagles and mountain lions. Their long, powerful claws allow them to dig underground for squirrels, mice, and gophers, where they mostly hunt alone. In addition to small mammals, they can eat insects and snakes, or scavenge for food. These carnivores play a crucial role in their environments by preying on rabbits and rodents effectively controlling populations.
American Badgers are excellent diggers with long, powerful claws that help to dig large burrows up to 30 feet long and 10 feet deep. During the summer months, when they are more active, badgers may dig a new burrow each day! Towards the end of the warmer season, these solitary predators will mate and produce between 1 to 5 offspring, typically in litters of 3. Babies are born blind with only a little coat of fur. They will be cared for by their mothers until they are ready to leave the den, which is around five to six weeks old.
While American badgers are listed as Least Concern by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, they are considered a species of Special Concern by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife due to historic population losses. Increased pressure from agriculture, conflict with livestock, and urban development threaten their habitats. To increase badger populations, making environmentally friendly choices, such as reducing litter and proper chemical disposal, can help maintain high-quality habitats for badgers and their prey.
Northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus) are one of two flying squirrels in North America. Northern flying squirrels are unique animals found in the boreal forests of North America, where they spend most of their lives in the trees. They are also found in mixed forests, where they prefer to live in coniferous trees such as spruce, pine, and fir.
The northern flying squirrel is a small nocturnal mammal, measuring around 10 inches long, with a bushy tail reaching up to 5 inches. They have large, dark eyes, a white belly, and soft brownish-gray fur that helps them blend in with their surroundings. Flying squirrels are nocturnal, by being active at night, they can avoid being spotted by predators such as owls and other birds of prey.
One of the northern flying squirrels’ most distinctive features is a piece of skin stretching from their wrists to their ankles, called the patagium. This enables them to glide through the air from tree to tree without touching the ground. Small movements of the legs allow them to steer with their puffy tail acting as a brake. Amazingly, flying squirrels can cover more than 150 feet in a single glide.
Northern flying squirrels use scent and touch to communicate. They emit a soft low chirp and will cluck when distressed. They mainly eat fungi, lichens, nuts, acorns, fruits, insects, and bird eggs. The northern flying squirrel mates once a year between March and May and has an average of 2 to 4 babies. When the babies are born, they are underdeveloped. Their eyes and ears are closed, and their toes are fused together. They weigh only 5 to 6 grams, which is the same weight as a US nickel. This means that they must rely entirely on their mother in the first two months of their life.
The lifespan of flying squirrels is around ten years in human care or about four years in the wild. They are currently classified as Least Concern by IUCN red list, but there are threatened populations in the Appalachians in the United States. This is due to habitat destruction, loss of older conifer and mixed forests to development and pollution.
In 1931, California state legislators sat down to vote on
the symbolic state bird of California. The resourceful California Quail (Callipepla californica), no bigger than 11 inches long with a 14-inch wingspan, was chosen to represent the beautiful state. These recognizable birds of oak woodlands have striking blue-gray feathers and a distinct headpiece known as a “topknot.” California Quails don’t migrate and live in warm areas year-round. Their small size and distinctive coloring give these birds excellent camouflage for their environment. If startled by a predator, short legs will help the birds run to cover and safety.
They are found in brushy habitats in chaparral, woodland, and agricultural environments throughout the Western United States. Flocks are often seen in the morning or evening scratching at the ground looking for food. These birds feast on a diet of mostly seeds, flowers, and acorns but may consume snails and insects. They are even adapted to eat the berries from poison oak!
California Quail often gather and forage in groups between 25 to 75 individuals, called “coveys.” Nests can contain up to 28 eggs by “egg-dumping,” in which many females lay eggs in nests of others. However, most females only lay 10-13 eggs in a single breeding season. Coveys often raise young as a collective force and mix offspring between adults, resulting in their young living longer. It does take a village to raise their young!
While they are excellent at moving to new habitats, climate change and habitat loss will negatively affect populations. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), California Quails are listed as least concern as populations have increased since the 1970’s. However, coastal groups are declining as humans develop more wild lands into urban areas. Currently, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife monitors populations each year and protects wildlife reserves with California Quail habitat in the state.
One animal that has adapted exceptionally well to the human environment is the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana). This magnificent marsupial is native to Central America and the southeastern United States. In the 1890s, they were introduced and now thrive along the West Coast. In nature, they live in shrublands and grasslands, but prefer woodlands and thickets near a water source. They now also live among humans in cities and suburbs. Opossums take shelter in the burrows of other animals, tree cavities, brush piles, and under houses or decks.
The opossum is the only marsupial in North America. Marsupials are a group of mammals such as kangaroos and koalas that have pouches for their young, called joeys. As many as 13 opossum joeys nurse in the pouch for up to six weeks before climbing onto their mother’s back, where they will hold on for four or five more months. The opossum is an omnivorous generalist, meaning they will essentially consume anything edible, including fruits, plants, insects, small animals, carrion (dead animals), nuts, seeds, and human food waste. Opossums have 50 teeth, more than any other North American land mammal. Just as with humans, the variance among pointed, sharp, and grinding teeth allow opossums to rip, bite, and chew different foods. Being a generalist is often beneficial when living near humans and other animals. It reduces the need for hunting and conflicts from competition. Scavenging allows opossums to eat without having to expend a lot of energy. Eating deceased animals also helps humans and other wildlife by eliminating rotting flesh that could spread disease.
Opossums are incredible climbers, thanks to several adaptations. Their tail is prehensile, meaning they have complete control of it, using it like a fifth hand. Opossums will use their tail to carry sticks or food, wave it as a distress signal to other opossums, and will wrap it around a tree or branch for stability. Similar to how a snake wraps around an object, the opossum’s tail coils around a branch as a safety line and fifth point of balance. While joeys can hang upside down for short periods, adults are unable to. Opossums have another amazing adaptation on their hind legs. They have an opposable toe, like the human thumb, on each back foot, which allows for a stronger grasp when climbing. With these adaptations, opossums can climb and traverse with ease in arboreal and human-built environments.
In urban environments, opossums’ main threats come from humans and cars. When approached by oncoming traffic, they often respond by “playing possum,” an automatic fear response that forces an opossum’s body to go limp and appear dead. In the wild, this reaction can safeguard them from predators who prefer hunting live prey. Release of unpleasant secretions from scent glands while “playing dead” can also be a powerful deterrent. However, in the face of a fast-moving vehicle, this response is highly ineffective and often results in serious injury or death to the opossum. The Virginia Opossum is currently classified as a species of ‘Least Concern’ on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, which means opossums are not considered threatened or endangered. As with all wildlife, they remain important to respect and protect. Opossums offer valuable services by eating carrion and pests, soil tilling, seed spreading, and pollination. When driving at night, use headlights and be aware of our furry friends.
The Northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) is a semi-aquatic mammal, adapted for life both on land and in water. Northern river otters inhabit saltwater and freshwater streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, and marshes throughout much of the United States and Canada, preferring areas with minimal human activity. They establish narrow underwater burrows to access their dens, allowing them to escape from large predators like bobcats, alligators, coyotes, and raptors.
The river otter’s thick, water-repellent fur helps to protect them in cold water. Their coat is brown or gray with a lighter underbelly. Short legs and fully webbed feet allow them to swim with speed, while their long, streamlined bodies and flattened heads make them agile in the water. Their strong, flexible tails propel them through the water, allowing them to swim up to 8 miles per hour – four times faster than an average human swimmer. Their eyes and ears are located high on their head so they can see and hear while surface swimming, and a third eyelid protects their eyes and allows them to see when swimming underwater. River otters use long whiskers to locate their prey – mostly fish – in dark or cloudy water.
Ad
ult river otters are 36-48 inches long, including their tail, and weigh 15-35 pounds. River otters live alone, in pairs, in small groups of males, or in family groups typically made up of a female otter and her young. Litters usually consist of two or three pups, each weighing about five ounces, born in March or April. Otter pups are born with fur, open their eyes roughly four weeks later, and begin to swim under the close watch of their mother at the age of two months. The pups are weaned at three or four months but generally stay with their mother as a family unit for several months longer. Their playful behavior strengthens social bonds and helps them learn hunting and survival techniques. Otters communicate with a variety of vocalizations, including whistles, chirps, and growls, as well as through scent marking.
Excessive hunting of river otters for their fur in the 19th and 20th centuries decimated populations in parts of their range. Since that time, river otter numbers have stabilized, and they are now a species of Least Concern (LC) under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). In the Bay Area, numbers have increased due to conservation and restoration activities following the Clean Water Act of 1972. However, habitat destruction and water pollution still put these animals at significant risk. Because river otters are an indicator species, whose presence reflects the health of a particular ecosystem, the information we gather about their populations is essential to gauging the health of our waterways.
This American Bittern is a fantastic specimen from Lindsay’s natural history collection. American Bitterns inhabit wetlands, preferring freshwater areas, especially during their breeding season. This strange-looking bird has several adaptations that help it thrive in wetland habitats.
Bitterns are known for their brown-colored feathers, white streaks, and long neck, all characteristics that make Bitterns masters of camouflage. By extending their neck and standing perfectly still, they can blend in with the grasses and plants of their wetland habitats. This specimen’s posture is a perfect example of how a Bittern would look when attempting to hide from predators.
American Bitterns are slow-moving creatures, generally staying within reeds and grass to help them hide not only from predators but also remain undetected by their own prey. American Bitterns are stealthy hunters, standing incredibly still and quickly grabbing prey with their beak. They’re not too picky when it comes to their meal and will typically eat any small creature they find, including small fish, eels, small snakes, salamanders, insects, frogs, crayfish, and small mammals. Their downward-facing eyes are an adaptation that allows them to spot prey in the water or grass below them without moving, making them excellent hunters.
While their camouflage makes it difficult to spot American Bitterns in the wild, their incredible mating call may help in locating them. The male’s mating call sounds like a gulp followed by a water-dripping noise, which is repeated up to 10 times and can be heard from some distance. The male creates this bizarre sound by inflating his esophagus, contorting his body, and opening and closing his bill. The female responds with similar calls that are much quieter. Outside of breeding season, American Bitterns are solitary creatures. American Bitterns are prone to the negative effects of habitat loss. City development and expansion have caused a large reduction in our wetlands, with as much as 90% of California’s original wetland space no longer in existence. Due to the decrease in freshwater wetlands, American Bittern populations are rapidly declining. As California gets more than two-thirds of its drinking water from wetlands, habitat loss is a major problem not only for our wetland inhabitants but for us as well. Understanding where our water comes from and conserving water whenever possible can help preserve what’s left of our precious wetland habitats.
From saran-wrapping logs to airbrushing artificial ferns, fabricating a diorama at Lindsay Wildlife Experience is no easy task. But the education team had a vision: to transport visitors into the coastal redwoods to deepen their connection to this diverse and delicate ecosystem —and learn about some of its inhabitants.
Determining the scene was easy, as most people connect with their local redwoods through trails. However, not everyone gets to see the more elusive wildlife that calls this ecosystem home. To highlight these animals, the scene was set at dusk when many crepuscular animals come out from hiding to forage or hunt for food. Natural history specimens from the museum’s extensive collection were selected, and the layout was created using a model of the exhibit space. To inspire interaction with guests, elements of discovery were placed in the diorama to highlight the natural behaviors of each animal.
Once the scene was composed, the team began work on the foreground. Expanding polyurethane foam was poured into place on a thin wooden base to create a foundation. Using some creative problem solving, the fallen redwood log was saran wrapped and put in place before foam was poured around it to stabilize the object. Real redwood dirt and debris were ‘cleaned’ through freezing and sifting, and adhered to the foam foreground with spray adhesive. After many layers of dirt and debris were set, it was time to create the backdrop and foreground elements.
The backdrop was painted on two large pieces of canvas that overlap in the back to provide access to the exhibition space. Once the large trees and ground were painted, the fog was airbrushed to create the illusion of atmospheric depth and the dewy essence of the coastal redwoods. Faux ferns were airbrushed a brighter green to match our local ferns, and a volunteer fabricated two types of fungus and a banana slug representing species not in the museum’s Natural History collection. Once all of the foreground elements were complete, small holes were drilled into the foam to stabilize each object. An interpretive sign with a map and specimen labels illustrated by Lindsay volunteer Mimi Foord invites guests to explore the diorama.
Come by our exhibit hall to check out the Coastal Redwoods diorama and see what connections you can make with your local redwood ecosystem.
Lindsay’s natural history collection has over 16,000 specimens, not least of which is this jaunty little mole. Moles are in the order Eulipotyphla, meaning “truly fat and blind” (not very flattering!), and the family Talpidae, meaning, appropriately, “mole.” Those found in California are called broad-footed moles, but moles can live just about anywhere. They’re found on every continent except Antarctica, and can thrive in many different types of environments as long as there’s dirt to dig in!
Moles live almost exclusively underground, and are well known to gardeners and landscapers for their tendency to burrow and bulldoze their way through nicely manicured lawns. Animals that spend most of their lives below ground are called fossorial animals; meerkats, badgers, and clams are also fossorial. Because they are adapted to living underground, moles look pretty unusual! Moles have very small eyes and some are almost completely blind as it isn’t very helpful to be able to see well when you’re digging through the ground in the dark. Most moles don’t have external ears because big ears would drag through the dirt and slow them down. However, they do have inner ears and can actually hear very well. Moles have short, reduced hind limbs, but big, powerful forelimbs with large paws. These mammals also have an extra “thumb” on each hand, so they have 12 fingers total. This extra digit evolved to increase the size of their hands and allow them to more quickly scoop dirt.
Moles construct elaborate systems of tunnels, sometimes more than 15 feet below the surface, and they make room for nesting chambers and storage areas, too. All this digging requires a mole to burn a lot of energy. To make up for that lost energy, they have to eat around 70-100% of their body weight in insects each day — that’s like an average-sized adult eating 150 pounds of sandwiches. Moles mainly eat earthworms, so to maintain a healthy weight, a mole has to eat close to 200 worms a day. Some moles are venomous, and can inject worms with a toxin that paralyzes, but doesn’t kill them; moles store these worms in underground “larders.” Some of these larders have been found to contain over 1,000 worms!
Even though moles are considered pests, they actually perform a number of behaviors that are useful to the ecosystem. For example, by digging through and turning over the soil, moles actually break up clumps of dirt and allow more air into the soil. Aeration stimulates root growth and makes it easier for earthworms to move through the soil, promoting better composting. Moles also eat other garden pests like slugs and grubs, and are eaten in turn by predators like foxes and coyotes; they play an important role in the food web. The biggest threat that moles face are human pest exterminators, so if you find evidence of moles in your yard, try to get rid of them humanely! Plant strong-smelling flowers like daffodils, get rid of food sources like grubs in your yard, or apply a natural mole repellent like castor oil and dish soap to discourage moles. Your yard and the environment will thank you.
One of the fascinating specimens in our natural history collection is this fern (Pecopteris sp.) concretion. Similar to a fossil, a concretion is the preserved impression of a prehistoric organism formed from sediments before they harden into rocks. The genus Pecopteris’ name is derived from the Greek word pekin, meaning to comb, due to the leaflets of Pecopteris’ fronds resembling the teeth of a comb. All ferns are vascular plants meaning that they don’t have seed or flowers but instead reproduce using spores. This specimen is from Illinois and is from the Pennsylvanian Period (323.2 – 298.9 million years ago). Ferns first appeared during the Devonian Period (419.2 – 358.9 million years ago); however, ferns in the genus Pecopteris became extinct in the Permian Period (298.9 – 252.2 million years ago) as a result of the Earth’s temperature dropping and the disappearance of swamps.
The movement of plants to land began during the Ordovician Period (485.4 – 443.8 million years ago), but their domination of terrestrial ecosystems didn’t really begin until the Devonian Period (419.2 – 358.9 million years ago). This time of rapid diversification is known as the Devonian Explosion. These plants began to spread out and began to form Earth’s first forests. Those prehistoric forests dramatically impacted many of Earth’s patterns including erosion rates, the carbon cycle, and the climate. There was also an increase in carbon burial during this period, which led to a decrease in the greenhouse effect and to several global cooling events. These cooling events are one of the proposed reasons for the Late Devonian extinction.
This particular fossil was collected from a coal mine in Illinois. Most of the Earth’s coal and natural gas was created from the carbon burial events that happened during the Age of Ferns (the Carboniferous Period which took place 369-280 million years ago). Therefore, the anthropogenic use of these plant remains — the same plants that caused global cooling and the late Devonian extinction — is a key contributor to global warming today. It is vital that we learn from the Earth’s history and work to find greener sources of energy and fuel. In ensuring that we do not further impact our planet’s climate and weather patterns, we can help sustain life on Earth as we currently know it.
Lindsay’s vast natural history collection includes these American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus) eggs. The American Oystercatcher is commonly referred to as the American pie due to its original name “sea pie.” In 1731, naturalist Mark Catesby renamed the bird from “sea pie,” to “American oystercatchers” after observing the bird eating oysters. Its genus name, Haematopus, is Greek for “blood foot,” which refers to the oystercatcher’s pink legs, and its species name Palliatus means “cloaked,” which refers to the black cloak of feathers on its head.
As its name suggests, these birds commonly eat mollusks by stabbing their flat bill into partially open shells and severing the muscles that hold the shell together which allows the bird to be able to eat the soft inner parts. The bill is also used as a hammer to open a mollusk’s shell allowing the bird to crack it open. Chicks often have to rely on their parents to feed them because their beaks are not strong enough for them to pry open bivalves until up to 60 days after hatching. However, they are able to run within 24 hours of hatching!
American Oystercatchers can currently be found on the Atlantic coast of North America to New England as well as on the Gulf Coast, the Caribbean, and even South in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Current threats facing American oystercatchers include coastal development, pollution, disease, and invasive species. Due to this species’ loss of natural habitat as well as an increase in predation on more traditional ocean-front habitats, American oystercatchers have started to nest on spoil islands, marshes, and forest edges. The rise in sea level has also eliminated small islands that these birds used for nesting and roosting. By 1900, the American oystercatcher had been pushed out of areas north of Virginia and their remaining historic range—originally the entire Atlantic coast of the United States and the Labrador Peninsula of Canada—as a result of market hunting, egg collecting, and human disturbance. However, thanks to conservation efforts, in 1997 on Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia in Canada, the first recent oystercatcher nest was confirmed. We can continue to help protect American oystercatchers by staying at least 50 yards away from nesting sites when visiting the beach and by supporting organizations and legislation that help protect this species’ coastal habitat.
This striking specimen is a Horn Coral fossil. Horn Corals refer to any coral within the order Rugosa. Their name is derived from the horn-like and wrinkled appearance of a solitary coral. Although they may not look like it, corals are a part of the kingdom Animalia — they’re animals!
Horn Corals existed between the Ordovician and Permian periods, a range that began 485.4 million years ago and ended 251.9 million years ago.
They went extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event — the largest extinction event to ever occur. This mass extinction, which occurred about a quarter of a billion years ago, wiped out roughly 95% of marine life along with 70% of terrestrial life.
When thinking about corals, people commonly imagine coral reef ecosystem. These reefs are characterized by large colonies of individual coral polyps and the skeletal secretions produced by these polyps. The polyps sit inside stony cups, or calyxes, that they build while growing and catching plankton with the tentacles around their mouths. In addition to the plankton, corals receive nutrients from the zooxanthellae that live inside of them. Zooxanthellae are photosynthetic algae that give the corals their color, produce oxygen as well as sugars, and consume the CO2 produced by the corals. This mutualistic relationship is what drives the growth of coral reefs. Unfortunately, this endosymbiotic relationship is sensitive, and when coral gets stressed, the algae is expelled from the polyps. This process is referred to as coral bleaching. Without the zooxanthellae, the coral turns white and although it can continue to live and potentially recover, the coral will begin to starve and is more prone to disease.
Rising ocean temperatures are one of the largest stress factors causing coral bleaching. Because corals are a keystone species to coral reefs, coral bleaching affects all other species in the ecosystem. Coral reefs provide natural protection to coastlines and provide homes and spawning sites for countless marine species. Without coral reefs, coastline communities along with wildlife would suffer. But there is hope. By working to mitigate climate change and reduce pollutants in the water, coral reefs can begin to thrive once again.
One of the many fascinating objects in our collection is a tarantula (Aphonopelma sp.) diorama. The diorama displays a tarantula exiting its underground burrow with a fresh molt just outside the entrance. On the left side of the scene, a different tarantula is caught in a deadly dance with a female tarantula hawk wasp (Pepsis sp.). The tarantula is North America’s largest spider measuring up to 11 inches in height (including legs). Despite its appearance, the tarantula (Aphonopelma sp.) has very small venom glands containing mild venom that is only strong enough to paralyze small insects. To humans, its bite would feel no more painful than a bee sting.
Tarantulas are nocturnal and spend most of their lives underground in burrows. Like other spiders, tarantulas shed their external exoskeleton periodically in a process called molting. For young tarantulas, molting occurs several times a year as they grow. The frequency will decrease to roughly once a year or less once maturity is reached. The molting process even also allows these spiders to replace lost appendages and internal organs.
At around 4 to 7 years old, a male tarantula will reach sexual maturity, It will shed its exoskeleton for the last time, develop tibial spurs on its front legs, and will leave its burrow in search of a mate. Locally, mating season takes place from late August through early October, and several males can have been spotted in Mt. Diablo around this time in search of a mate. Once a male has located a female, he will rhythmically tap his pedipalps at the entrance of her burrow similar to knocking on a door. As she approaches, he will then use his newly grown tibial spurs as hooks to clasp the female’s fangs (in order to avoid becoming dinner) and begin mating. Afterwards, the male will scurry off to continue looking for other females to mate with, growing weaker and finally dying as winter approaches. The female, however, will live for around 20 to 30 years. After mating, she will return to her burrow to lay roughly 100 to 150 eggs, of which about two will make it to adulthood.
Tarantulas play a crucial role in their ecosystem acting as biological controls of insect populations, and as a source of food for other creatures such as mammals, lizards, birds and wasps. Tarantulas typically lie motionless by their burrows when hunting, waiting for the opportune moment to grab their prey and deliver a venomous bite. The venom will paralyze their prey, while they secrete a digestive enzyme that liquifies their meal so they can suck their food up through their straw-like mouth opening.
Despite their hunting prowess, tarantulas can also be an easy meal for larger predators. A tarantula’s primary defense mechanism is the barbed hairs on the back of their abdomen. It can shoot these hairs in the eyes and mucous membranes of its tormenter in hopes of scurrying away while the predator is distracted. The most feared predator of a tarantula is the large black and orange female tarantula hawk wasp (Pepsis sp.). This imposing insect seeks out tarantulas during late summer. When she locates a tarantula, the wasp attacks and delivers a paralyzing sting underneath the spider’s leg. The wasp then drags the tarantula to a hole and lays a single egg inside the tarantula before covering it. Once the larva hatches it will begin to feed on the still living tarantula, avoiding vital organs, which keeps its host alive and fresh.
However, predators like the tarantula hawk wasp are not the only scary threats to tarantulas—humans can be too! Human threats to tarantulas include cars, habitat destruction, and collection. It is illegal in many parks (including Mount Diablo) to collect tarantulas as pets. So, if you see one out and about, feel free to observe it but let it continue to play its important role in the local ecosystem.